1

Summary

Geography Class 46

## THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (05:11 PM)

## JUTE TEXTILE INDUSTRY (05:19 PM)

- Jute is called golden fiber.
- **Locational factors:**
- 1) Raw material: Non-weight-losing raw material.
- Grows in alluvial soil
- The growing condition requires high temperatures and high precipitation
- Jute processing requires a large quantity of water.
- 2) Labour - Cheap labor is required which is easily available in West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha regions.
- 3) Power- Require constant power supply
- 4) Government policy- Jute packaging is regulated by the Jute Packaging Material Act of 1987.
- **Distribution:**
- The First Jute Mill was established in Rishra in 1855.
- 90% of jute production is in West Bengal.
- A large amount of area in Bangladesh is under jute cultivation.
- **The Jute production is distributed in the following regions:**
- Andhra Pradesh- used for rice packaging,
- Madhya Pradesh- for cement packaging,
- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar- Sugar packaging.
- **Problems:**
- Technology- Old and obsolete technology.
- Competition from Bangladesh in the jute sector
- Competition due to the cheap availability of substitutes like plastic bags.
- Production is majorly from West Bengal and Assam.
- Strong labour unionism, frequent strikes, and lockouts.
- Less demand for jute products.
- Irregular supply of power and costly power.
- **Significance:**
- It is environmentally friendly and is biodegradable
- If produced on a mass scale it is cheaper too.
- It is also used in soil conservation and the reduction of soil erosion. etc.
- Govt. is supporting the industry through the Jute Packaging Material Act, of 1987.

## SILK TEXTILE INDUSTRY (05:40 PM)

- India is a major exporter of silk.
- All five varieties of silk are available in India.
- Mulberry silk is available in large proportions.
- **Locational factors:**
- 1) Raw material -
- Silk is produced from silkworms, Sericulture is practiced in the major part of India.
- Karnataka is the largest producer.
- Mulberry Silk is majorly produced in south India.
- In West Bengal, Erie silk is produced while in Assam Muga silk is produced.
- UP- Bihar- Oak Tussar,
- Odisha region - Tropical Tussar,
- Erie silk is called **"Ahimsa silk"**.
- 2) Labour - Majorly women are involved in production activities.
- **Distribution:**
- Kanchi, Tanjavore, Dharmavaram, Banglore, Mysore, Pochampalli, Andhra Pradesh, Anandpur, and Hyderabad are major centers.
- Assam- Areas around Guwahati
- UP-Bihar- Varanasi and Bhagalpur
- Bengal- Dakshin pargana
- **Problems:**
- Sericulture is practiced as a subsidiary activity, so there is irregular production and supply in the market
- There are many market hurdles.
- Huge competition from artificial silk, china silk, Japanese silk, and Italy silk.
- Competition from artificial silk.
- Lack of government support for the sericulture activity.
- **Significance:**
- Silk has huge potential.
- It can be considered as an alternative source of income.
- Sericulture doesn't require fertile land.
- The capital investment requirement in sericulture is low.
- It can create huge employment opportunities for women.

## SUGAR INDUSTRY (5:53 PM)

- It is the second largest agro-based industry after cotton.
- **Locational factors:**
- 1) The raw material is weight-losing and the final product weighs just 1/10 of the raw material.
- Soil condition- Alluvial soil
- It is grown in high-precipitation areas.
- Raw material is perishable goods, Sugarcane crushing should be done within 24 hours.
- It is too bulky to transport, so sugar mills need to be established in the vicinity of the production area.
- 2) A constant supply of power is required.
- 3) Huge capital investment is required.
- 4) FRP price is declared for the sugarcane which is market-distorting in nature.
- **Distribution:**
- UP- Bihar and the Terai region are most suitable for sugarcane production.
- In North India, important centers are Bulandshahar, Saharanpur, Mirzapur, Champaran, Eastern UP, Sitapur, Faizabad, and in Haryana- Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, etc.
- However, the sugarcane-producing region gradually shifted toward south India.
- **Reasons for a southward shift in the sugar industry:**
- Black soil, availability of groundwater, and other irrigation facilities like canals, etc.
- Sugarcane grown in the south has higher sucrose content.
- The good moisture, longer crushing period, and marine effect are reasons for higher sucrose content.
- The sugar mills are run effectively by co-operatives.
- **Regions in South:**
- Ahmednagar, Solapur, Mysore, Mandya, Belgaum.
- Tamilnadu- Trichy, Coimbatore, Salem.
- Andhra Pradesh: Krishna-Godavari delta and coastal Andhra and Godavari region
- It has good port connectivity.
- **Problems:**
- In the northern region old technology is being used.
- Compared to the global average the per-hectare production is much less.
- Market support is controlled, and the price is determined by the Government.
- Competition from the Jaggery.

## IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY (06:10 PM)

- The growth of the country is measured in terms of the level of iron and steel production.
- **Locational factors:**
- 1) Raw material- Iron ore is the most important but an equal amount of coal is also required.
- Limestone is also used in processing.
- Pig iron is extracted from this process (100 % iron)
- (Pig iron+ Manganese = Steel), In this process, a huge amount of water is required.
- 2) Market- Available in major parts of India.
- 3) Labour - Skilled labour required
- 4) Power- consumes power in huge quantities, It should be regular and cheap.
- 5) Infrastructure- Transportation facilities are required, The most prominent mode is railways.
- Iron and coal have a bidirectional relationship.
- **Distribution:**
- TISCO- Jamshedpur is one of the earliest plants.
- **10 Integrated steel plants:**
- Jharkhand- Jamshedpur, Bokaro
- West Benagal- Bumpur and Durgapur,
- Odisha - Rourkela
- Chattisgarh- Bhillari
- Karnataka- Bhadravati and Vijaynagar,
- Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam
- Tamilnadu- Salem
- These are major steel plants in India.
- **At world-level distribution:**
- Near the Great Lake region, the Pitsburg region is called the Iron and Steel Capital of the world.
- However, the production presently happens in the southern region of the USA.
- In Russia- Near to Ukraine region, the Urals region, the Donbas regions, etc.
- Germany- Rurh valley.
- China- Import iron mainly from India.
- **Problems:**
- Availability and supply of the coal.
- Long gestation period.
- Huge Investment.
- Regular power supply.
- **Mini steel plants:**
- Mini-steel plants are located near the market and are smaller in size.
- They are dependent on scrap iron.
- They have a shorter gestation period.
- But they are not much successful, because scrap iron is less available.
- These plants are dependent on imported scrap iron.
- Power shortage is an issue.

## CEMENT INDUSTRY (06:33 PM)

- Importance - This industry supports the construction sector. It is the backbone of economic growth.
- **Locational factors:**
- 1) Raw Materials- Limestone, Coal, and Gypsum.
- Limestone- found along Cuddapah, Shivalik region.
- Coal- Gondwana coal
- Gypsum - Rajasthan mines but not sufficient.
- Seashells along coastal regions are important sources.
- Sludge from the fertilizer industry and slag from the iron and steel industry are the important raw materials for gypsum.
- 2) Power- huge power demand.
- 3) Capital- The cement industry is capital-intensive.
- **Distribution:**
- Earlier the cement industry was established in the Vindyan region as well as some parts of Karnataka and Maharashtra, the Cuddapah region, and some parts of the Pirpanjal-Shivalik belt.
- Gradually the cement industry spread in various regions with help of the government policies.
- **Problems:**
- Pollution of air and water
- Availability of raw materials is an issue.
- Cartelization in the cement industry is a big issue.

## FERTILIZER INDUSTRY (06:40 PM)

- **Significance:**
- India is not self-sufficient.
- We import large quantities of fertilizers.
- Nitrogenous, Phosporpous, and sulfur fertilizers are prominently produced in India
- **Locational factors:**
- 1) Raw material- for nitrogenous fertilizers- Naptha is extracted from natural gas in refineries that are used in the fertilizer industry,
- They are located near the refineries or coastal regions to import the raw material.
- Ammonium sulfate is available in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, etc.
- Phosphatic fertilizers have rock phosphate as raw material.
- In India, it is found in Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Sulfurous fertilizers- sulphuric acid- extracted from refineries.
- 2) Power- a cheaper and more regular supply of energy is required.
- 3) Government policy- fertilizers majorly depend upon govt. subsidy
- **Distribution**- Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, etc.

## COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION (07:07 PM)

- **A) Roadways**
- **Advantages:**
- End-to-end connectivity
- Faster mode for commutation
- It connects difficult terrain like hilly regions
- **Disadvantages:**
- High cost of maintenance
- Causes pollution due to lower efficiency.
- Urban congestion and traffic.
- **B) Railways**
- **Advantages:**
- Cheap for industry
- Bulky goods transportation is possible
- It is comfortable for long-distance movement.
- **Disadvantages:**
- High maintenance
- No door-to-door connectivity.
- Due to cross-subsidy and limited infrastructure, the freight movement is delayed and becomes costly.
- Difficult to connect tough terrains
- Land acquisition is difficult.
- **Inland Waterways**
- **Advantages:**
- Cheapest of all transports
- Low energy requirement and eco-friendly too.
- It is well suited for bulky and nonperishable goods.
- Low maintenance.
- It is labour intensive too and provides employment.
- **Disadvantages:**
- Can not carry perishables
- No door-to-door connectivity.
- Water levels are not consistent, and rainfed rivers are not navigable throughout the year.
- Various hydro projects reduce water availability
- Regular dredging and de-siltation are required.
- Many times the terrain is difficult.
- Situations like floods and the shifting course of rivers are prominent issues.
- Slow movement
- **Airways:**
- **Advantages:**
- Fastest and can be used in emergencies.
- Perishable goods can be transported easily.
- It boosts the tourism sector
- **Disadvantages:**
- Costly and has safety issues.
- Bulk transportation is difficult
- High initial setup cost.
- Highly polluting mode.

## POPULATION (07:21 PM)

- Population is the number of individuals of the species.
- **Population density**- Number of individuals of a specie per unit area.
- Terms related to population density:
- **Crude density** is also called Arithmetic density = Population/ Area
- **Nutritional density =** total population/total cultivable area.
- **Agricultural density=** The agricultural population/total cultivable area.
- Population growth is measured using different terms as follows:
- **Natural Growth Rate** i.e. NGR =1000\* (Number of live births - Number of deaths) / Mid-year population.
- **Crude Birth Rate** = 1000\* Number of live births / total population
- **Fertility Ratio**= 1000\* (Population of children between 0-4 years) /  (Total population of females between 15 to 44 years)
- **Replacement Level Fertility:**
- It is the fertility rate required for the generation to replace itself.
- It is the average number of children a woman would need to have to reproduce herself by bearing a daughter who survives to childbearing age so that each generation will exactly replace itself without considering migration.
- It is generally considered to be **2.1**
- **Deaths:**
- **Crude death rate (CDR)** is 1000\* Number of deaths in a given period / total population
- **Infant mortality rate (IMR)** is the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.
- **Maternal mortality rate (MMR)** is the number of maternal deaths during a given period per 1,00,000 live births.

## MIGRATION (07:33 PM)

- Migration is a change in residency for a substantial period of time.
- Reasons behind migration are push and pull factors
- Push factors- The disturbance at the source is called a push factor, for example, Drought, flood, etc
- Pull factors- There is something more attractive at the destination like better employment, facilities, etc.
- **Types of Migration:**
- 1) International- Immigration and emigration
- 2) Domestic migration is within the country.
- **Domestic migration is classified into 4 types as follows:**
- a) Rural -> Urban - the movement of children for education.
- b) Rural -> Rural - majorly due to marriage etc.
- c) Urban -> Urban - small cities to metropolitan cities, majorly for better opportunities
- d) Urban -> Rural - Due to congestion, high living costs, etc

## POPULATION PYRAMID (07:50 PM)

- The male population is counted at the left half of the pyramid while the female population is at the right half of the pyramid.
- **Population pyramid shapes are as follows:**
- Type-1:Progressive with very wide base and rapidly declining. For Example, Sub-saharan countries
- Type-2: Gradual decling death rate but high birth rate. For Example, India between 1960-2010.
- Type-3: Low birth rate, low death rate. For example, USA.
- Type-4: Contracting very low death and birth rates. for example, Sweden and Japan.
- **Demographic transition theory and its five phases are as follows:**
- Stage 1 - High birth and high death rate
- Stage 2 - High birth and declining death rate
- Stage 3 - Falling Birth rate and death rate fall more slowly.
- Stage 4 - Low Birth and Low Death rate
- Stage 5 - Birth rate rising again and Stable or slow increase in death rate.

## THE SYLLABUS FOR GEOGRAPHY IS COMPLETED.